Explain construction and working of solar cell pdf

One of these characteristics is the socalled band gap, the energy difference that an electron has to bridge to jump from the valence band to the conduction band. Photoelectric cell or photocell or photovoltaic cell is an electronic device which works on the principle of the photoelectric effect and converts light energy into electrical energy. The overwhelming majority of solar cells are fabricated from silicon with increasing efficiency and lowering cost as the materials range from amorphous noncrystalline to polycrystalline to. There is always a potential barrier between ntype and ptype material. Solar cell working principle explain working of solar cells every type of material has its characteristics. Jan 20, 2018 a laser diode is a semiconductor device similar to a lightemitting diode led.

Silicon is the most widely used semiconductor material for constructing the photovoltaic cell. While ntype semiconductor and ptype semiconductor contact each other, the free electrons near to the contact surface of ntype semiconductor get plenty of adjacent holes of ptype material. Although fuel cells and batteries are both considered electrochemical cells and consist of similar structure, fuel cells require a continuous source of fuel and oxygen to run. When explaining the working principle of photovoltaic solar cells we first need to know that sunlight is made out of tiny energy pockets called photons and that each individual solar cell is designed with a positive and negative layer thus being able to create an electric field similar to the one in batteries. Solar energy is tenuous, undependable, and expensive beyond practicality. It is processed from quartz, which is used heavily within the electronics industry. This is the first or upper layer also known as emitter layer. Many notions presented in this chapter will be new but nonetheless the general idea of how a solar cell works should be clear.

Each cell consists of two wafers of doped silicon ptype and ntype, in contact to form a junction, with each wafer having an electricla connection. Light emitting diode led working, construction and symbol. Solar cell symbol solar cell construction as shown in the given diagram the solar cell is like an ordinary diode. Solar power plant main components, working, advantages. The photovoltaic cell is the semiconductor device that converts the light into electrical energy. This coherent light is produced by the laser diode using a process termed as light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, which is abbreviated. In this video you will learn the construction and working of photovoltaic cell or solar cell and the mechanism involved in converting the light.

A solar cell or the photovoltaic cell is an electrical device that converts light energy directly into electricity. Nov, 2016 fuel cells types, working, construction, fabrication and application 1. May 15, 2018 this potential barrier is essential for working of a photovoltaic or solar cell. Although this is basically a junction diode, but constructionally it is littlebit different form conventyional pn junction diode. In the case of solar, the energy source is light, and the solar cell converts it from light energy to electrical energy. Feb 01, 2014 buried contact solar cell to have performance up to 25% better than commercial screenprinted solar cells. When photon hits solar cell, its energy breaks apart electronhole pairs.

The solar cell is also branded as large area photodiode because it converts solar energy into electric energy. A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that produces electric current either by chemical action or by converting light to electric current when exposed to sunlight. Working principle of solar cell or photovoltaic cell. Jul 26, 2019 a single solar cell roughly the size of a compact disc can generate about 34. Denis ar con ljubljana, may 2011 abstract this seminar is a short overview of current photovoltaics.

The working principle of a solar cell tu delft opencourseware. The highest efficiency is with cells that operate as a sort of sieve. Details on how a commersial photovoltaic panel ormodule is costructed. Basically fuel cell in common language, is a device which converts chemical energy from a fuel into electrical energy. The working principle of a solar cell in this chapter we present a very simple model of a solar cell. The light incident on the semiconductor material may be pass or reflected through it. However, there are ambivalent views about solar, or photovoltaic, cells ability to supply a significant amount of energy relative to global needs. V principle of solar cell v current generation v iv characteristic of an illuminated pn junction v physical process of solar cell v iv characteristic of solar cell v solar cell parameter v applications v reference v device that converts optical energy into electrical energy. Thereby, the solar panels are made by using the seriesparallel combination of the cells. The reader is told why pv cells work, and how they are made.

Solar cell converts light energy into the electrical energy. Finding the efficiency of a solar cell while driving an electric motor. Fossil fuels like coal, oil, natural gases are burnt in the boiler, a hot flue gases thus generated are used to heat the feed water. With the help of a diagram explain the construction and.

The solar cell characterizations covered in this chapter address the electrical power generating capabilities of the cell. We explain how silicon crystalline solar cells are manufactured from silica sand and assembled to create a common solar panel made up of 6 main components silicon pv cells, toughened glass, eva film layers, protective back sheet, junction box with connection cables. And the combination of the solar modules together is known as the solar panel. Solar cell design involves specifying the parameters of a solar cell structure in order to maximize efficiency, given a certain set of constraints. Definition solar cell is also called as photo galvanic cell photo galvanic cell or solar cell is the one which converts the solar energy energy obtained from the sun directly into electrical energy. To get solar panels onto rooftops, use properly inspected cranes, hoists or ladderbased winch systems. Due to this absorbed energy, the phenomena of photovoltaic occurs and electrons are liberated and produce the external dc current. It is the most common cell which is the improved version of leclanche cell.

May 12, 2019 a solar panel is made up of six different components, but arguably the most important one is the photovoltaic cell, which actually generates electricity. Solar cells are made of the same kinds of semiconductor materials, such as silicon, used in the microelectronics industry. A solar cell is basically a junction diode, although its construction it is little bit different from conventional pn junction diodes. Measure the shortcircuit current and noload voltage at different light intensities and plot the currentvoltage characteristic at different light intensities. Construction of pv cells solar photovoltaic cells are made of polycrystalline silicon. Various photovoltaic pv solar cell technologies are currently being developed in three. The working principle of solar cells is based on the. A perovskite structured compound is a hybrid organicinorganic lead or tin halidebased material and also has the active layer for harvesting the light. Explain construction and working of a solar cell answers. Solar construction often involves working on roofs and from. Construction, working, series and parallel combinations.

Many different solar cell technologies are being developed, for various applications rooftops, solar power plants, satellites, backpacks or clothing, etc. Characteristics of photovoltaic solar cells analog. Typically, each cell, whilst very thin, measures approximately 100mm across. Once unpackaged, cover panels with an opaque sheet to prevent heat buildup. This cell is made from cuprous oxide instead of silicon and you can build a working solar cell in 2 hoursto buil. The theoretical studies are of practical use because they predict the fundamental limits of a solar cell, and give guidance on the phenomena that contribute to losses and. Now, when this two type of silicon interact, an electric field forms at the junction which prevents more electrons to move to pside. When light reaches the pn junction, the light photons can easily enter in the junction, through very thin ptype layer. Photovoltaic cell is the basic unit of the system where the photovoltaic effect is utilised to produce electricity from light energy.

This steam under high pressure then expanded in stem turbine to rotate the continue reading construction and working of thermal power plant. Here is a low power low efficiency photovoltaic cell that you can make you own in the kitchen with materials from the hardware store. Estimate the dependence of noload voltage and shortcircuit current on temperature. Solar cell, also called photovoltaic cell, any device that directly converts the energy of light into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. In this video you will learn the construction and working of photovoltaic cell or solar cell and the mechanism involved in converting the light energy from sunlight to electric energy in the form. Fundamental properties of solar cells, principles and. Apr 23, 2018 the dry cell was discovered by french scientist g. Read more dry cell construction and working principle. Some of these covered characteristics pertain to the workings within the cell structure e. The process of conversion first requires a material which absorbs the solar energy photon, and then raises an electron to a higher energy state, and then the flow of this highenergy electron to an external. It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed. Mar 23, 2017 in this video you will learn the construction and working of photovoltaic cell or solar cell and the mechanism involved in converting the light energy from sunlight to electric energy in the form. Solar cell, any device that directly converts the energy of light into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect.

It essentially consists of a silicon pn junction diode with a glass window on top surface layer of p material is made extremely thin so, that incident light photons may easily reach the pn junction. This is why, it is called dry cell as it do not contain any liquid. But in todays world, the words power and energy are leaned more towards electricity. A solar cell is an electronic device which directly converts sunlight into electricity. The energy produced by each solar cell is very small, but combining the energy of 35 of them we have got enough energy to charge a 12 volt battery.

What is the potential barrier that acts on the free. The led is a special type of diode and they have similar electrical characteristics of a pn junction diode. When light emitting diode led is forward biased, free electrons in the conduction band recombines with the holes in the. It supplies a voltage and a current to a resistive load light, battery, motor. The working principle of a solar cell tu delft ocw. For the sake of this article, attention will be given to solar cells only. The conversion of sunlight into electrical energy by a solar cell is called the photovoltaic effect, hence why we refer to solar cells as photovoltaic. For solar cells, a thin semiconductor wafer is specially treated to form an electric field, positive on one side and negative on the other. After all, different materials have different energy states and thus absorb different wavelengths. The walls of the box are made thick so as to minimise loss of heat due to radiation and is painted all black from. When the photovoltaic cells absorb solar radiation, photovoltaic effect leads to the production of the electromotive force at the ends of the cells. The readeris told why pv cells work, and how theyare made. The solar module is constructed by connecting the single solar cells. A photodiode is one type of light detector, used to convert the light into current or voltage based on the mode of operation of the device.

We know that solar panels can be designed with a number of solar cells. Iscvoc pmax maximum power pt theoretical power efficiency is the ratio of the electrical power output, compared to the solar power input, into the solar cell. This solar box consists of a box made of nonconducting materials like plastics, fiber glass or wood. Few facts of solar energy are explained below a perovskite structured compound is present in perovskite solar cell. Mar 18, 2017 thermal power plant uses steam energy for the generation of the electricity. This potential barrier is essential for working of a photovoltaic or solar cell. It utilizes photovoltaic effect to convert light energy into electrical energy. It consist of silicon, germanium pn junction with a glass windows on the top surface layer of ptype, the ptype material is made very thin and wide so that the incident light photon may easily reach to pn junction. It essentially consists of a silicon pn junction diode with a glass window on. Because the cell is composed of a single crystal, the electrons that generate a flow of electricity have more room to move. The wide choice of construction materials on which thin film pv cells can be printed opens up new areas in which they can be used, including within window glass, on roofing tiles, and even tent material, for solar powered camping. A light emitting diode led is an optical semiconductor device that emits light when voltage is applied. A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and. It also gives a wide option of materials that can be used in the construction, including flexible and light weight materials.

Dry cell construction and working principle electrical. Photocell consists of an evacuated glass tube containing two electrodes emitter c and collector a. Fuel cells types, working, construction, fabrication and. The process of developing those cells start with a very pure semiconductor polysilicon. Explain with neat diagram construction and working of. The voltage induces by the pv cell depends on the intensity of. Jan 14, 2018 in this video we will learn solar cell. Screen printed contacts are applied to the front and rear of the solar cell. A solar cell is a solidstate electrical device pn junction. In another way of defining the solar cell it is a solid state electrical device that converts energy of light directly into electricity by photoelectric effect. Construction solar cell is a pn junction diode made up of crystalline siliconsi.

We give the upper limit to the solar cell e ciency. A solar cell is not an energy source, but an energy converter. Working principles of solar and other energy conversion cells liu, wang, wang and yang 4 into electrical energy. Currently, solar energy is recognized as one of the most promising options to address the issue 1,2. May, 20 since a solar cell is the only generator in a solar pv system, it is one of the most important parts in a solar pv system. Because the separated electrical charges are redundant carriers, having so called, infinite life and a pn junction voltage is constant, the junction, on which the light falls acts as a stable electric cell. Lightemitting diodes circuit, working principle and application. Explaining the working principle of photovoltaic cells. A solar cell is a solidstate electrical device pn junction that converts the energy of light directly into electricity dc using the photovoltaic effect. The theoretical studies are of practical use because they predict the fundamental limits of a solar cell, and give guidance on the phenomena that contribute to losses and solar cell efficiency. Thus, the solar cells become a source of electricity. On the how panels work page, what we are really describing is one solar cell.

Solar cooker is a device for the preparation of food by focusing solar radiation on the food to be cooked. The earth receives solar energy in the form of light and heat. Solar energy is abundant, in exhaustible, clean, and cheap. In a solid crystal, each silicon atom shares each of its four valence electrons with another nearest silicon atom hence creating covalent bonds between them. The working principle of solar cells and solar panels. It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light individual solar cell devices can be. Thereis also a chapter on advanced types of silicon cells. In the following paragraphs, a simple introduction of a solar cell and how it operates is discussed, with reference links for better understanding.

About the article working principle and development of solar cell, if you have better ideas, dont hesitate to write your thoughts in the following comment area. Light shining on the solar cell produces both a current and a voltage to generate electric power. These cells consist of various layers of different material, each of which converts part of the sunlight into electricity. Sumedha bhat siddarth k achar siddhant gupta megha rajasekhar 2. The efficiency of a solar cell is the ratio of the electrical power it delivers to the load, to the optical power incident on the cell. It as it radiation flux as surface area of pn junction v there are no fuel costs or fuel supply problems v the equipment can usually operate. These constraints will be defined by the working environment in which solar cells are produced.

The theory of solar cells explains the process by which light energy in photons is converted into electric current when the photons strike a suitable semiconductor device. Also we will see how this solar cells are made key point of lecture will be as given below what is solar cell. Dec 12, 2019 to make solar cells for monocrystalline solar panels, silicon is formed into bars and cut into wafers. A fuel cell is a device that generates electrical power through a chemical reaction by converting a fuel hydrogen into electricity. Working principle of photodiode, characteristics and applications. All the aspects presented in this chapter will be discussed in greater detail in the following chapters. Phosphorous is used for doping the ntype layer and boron for doping the ptype layer.

Application of pn junctions within solar cells is discussed. Explain with neat diagram construction and working of solar cell. The other part of a solar cell is doped with the element boron with 3 electrons in its outer shellto become ptype silicon. Mar 23, 2019 working of solar cell as soon as the solar cell is exposed to sunlight, the solar energy which is present in the form of light photons is absorbed by semi conductor materials. The light emitting diode is a twolead semiconductor light source. This cell when exposed to light can generate and support an electric current without being attached to any external voltage source. Solar cell working principle explain working of solar. These types of panels are called monocrystalline to indicate that the silicon used is singlecrystal silicon. It uses pn junction to emit coherent light in which all the waves are at the same frequency and phase. A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon. Working principles of solar and other energy conversion cells. Every solar cell is composed of a plurality of diodes. They comport them sufficient energy as to leave their parent.

In 1962, nick holonyak has come up with an idea of light emitting diode, and he was working for the general electric company. Solar panels working principle, design and their use. This article explains how electricity is harvested from the solar energy and how it is utilized. According to the carnots theorem that is a result of the second law of thermodynamics, the energy conversion efficiency of heat engines is low. Mainly solar cell is constructed using the crystalline silicon that consists of a ntype semiconductor. Oct 20, 2019 we explain how silicon crystalline solar cells are manufactured from silica sand and assembled to create a common solar panel made up of 6 main components silicon pv cells, toughened glass, eva film layers, protective back sheet, junction box with connection cables. Solar cell working principle explain working of solar cells. The light energy, in the form of photons, supplies sufficient energy to the junction to create a number of electronhole pairs.